The 1960 Constitution of Somalia was a landmark document that laid the foundation for the Somali Republic as a sovereign, democratic, and unitary state following its independence on July 1, 1960. Promulgated by the Provisional President of the Republic and published in the Official Bulletin No. 1, this Constitution established Somalia as a nation governed by the principles of equality, justice, and democracy. It declared Islam as the state religion and emphasized the indivisibility of the Somali people. The Constitution also defined national symbols such as the azure flag (with a white, five-pointed star in the center). It preserved sovereignty in the people, who were to exercise it through constitutional and legal means, and rejected any individual or group claiming exclusive authority. Furthermore, it incorporated international principles, including adherence to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and a commitment to peaceful international relations. The Constitution also provided a robust framework for fundamental rights and duties of citizens. It guaranteed equality before the law regardless of race, religion, gender, or social status and protected freedoms such as speech, assembly, religion, and association. Citizens were granted rights to vote, access public office, petition authorities, and enjoy personal liberty and property ownership under legal safeguards. Social rights were emphasized through provisions for education, public health, family protection, and welfare for vulnerable groups. The Constitution also prohibited secret or militarized associations and mandated loyalty to the homeland as a duty for all citizens. These principles reflected Somalia's aspiration to build a just society rooted in Islamic values while embracing modern governance systems. This Constitution remained in effect until it was suspended following a military coup in 1969 but remains a significant historical milestone in Somalia's political evolution.